Antioxidant activity of an ethanolic extract of entire plant of Cissus quadrangularis from their pharmacognostical and pharmacological studies an review

Abstract

Cissus quadrangularis (Vitaceae), commonly known as Hadjod or Asthisamharaka, is a perennial succulent climber widely distributed across tropical and subtropical regions, especially in India. Traditionally revered in Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani systems of medicine, the plant is primarily used for its bone-healing properties. Phytochemical investigations reveal a rich profile of bioactive compounds including flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol), triterpenoids (?- and ?-amyrins), stilbenes (resveratrol, quadrangularins), phytosterols, ketosteroids, and essential minerals like calcium and phosphorus. These constituents contribute to its diverse pharmacological activities such as fracture healing, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, and gastroprotective effects. The stem is the most therapeutically active part, often used in decoctions, powders, and topical applications. This review consolidates current knowledge on the phytochemistry, traditional uses, and pharmacological potential of Cissus quadrangularis, highlighting its relevance in modern phytomedicine and suggesting avenues for future research.