From strength to struggle: A review on the native hill cattle of Theni district

Abstract

The Theni Hill Cattle, an indigenous population of non-descript cattle in Tamil Nadu, represent a vital component of the region’s hill farming system. They are uniquely adapted to rugged terrain, low-input conditions, and the traditional grazing patterns of small and tribal farmers. Despite their economic and ecological value, these native cattle are under threat due to land-use change, limited veterinary support, and crossbreeding with exotic breeds. This review consolidates available literature and field observations on the Theni Hill Cattle, covering their morphology, adaptability, disease resistance, socio-economic importance, and conservation needs and highlights the urgency of breed documentation and sustainable management.