Emerging trends in propagation techniques of fig (Ficus carica L.): A comprehensive review

Abstract

Fig (Ficus spp.) can be propagated using both sexual and asexual methods. In sexual propagation, seeds are primarily utilized for developing new varieties through hybridization or for producing rootstocks, rather than for large-scale commercial cultivation. Asexual propagation, on the other hand, offers more practical and reliable approaches, including cuttings, air layering, grafting, and budding. Among these, stem cuttings are considered the simplest method; however, successful rooting of hard wood cuttings remains a significant challenge in commercial practice. Air layering, historically the oldest technique for fig propagation, is favored due to its simplicity, rapid establishment, and higher success rates. Recent research has highlighted the role of auxins in enhancing propagation efficiency. Auxin application promotes key histological changes such as callus formation, tissue differentiation, and development of vascular connections, which are essential for successful rooting and plant establishment. This review aims to consolidate current advances in fig propagation techniques, emphasizing both practical and physiological aspects.