Comparative carbon footprint assessment of milk production from crossbred cattle using life cycle assessment in Eastern and Western Haryana

Abstract

This study quantified the carbon footprint of milk production from crossbred cattle farms in Haryana using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) with a “cradle-to-farm gate” system boundary. A field survey was conducted on 32 farms across eight districts, categorized into Eastern and Western regions, using semi-structured interviews to collect data on feeding, management, and input use. Carbon footprints and emission intensity (Ei) per kilogram of fat and protein corrected milk (FPCM) were estimated for each farm. While no statistically significant differences (p