Women’s Participation and Empowerment in Makhana Cultivation: A Comparative Study of Darbhanga and Madhubani Districts

Abstract

Makhana (Euryale ferox) cultivation in North Bihar is not only an economically valuable activity but also a culturally embedded practice in rural communities. While male dominance in land ownership and market negotiations is widely acknowledged, women's role, particularly in post-harvest processing remains substantial yet often invisible. This study aims to explore the extent, nature, and impact of women’s participation in Makhana cultivation, with a comparative lens on two prominent districts: Darbhanga and Madhubani. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the research draws on primary data from 100 women participants (50 from each district), combined with secondary data from ICAR-RCER, NABARD, and gender reports by NITI Aayog. The study identifies significant contributions of women in de-husking, roasting, sorting, and packaging—tasks that account for nearly 60% of total post-harvest labor hours. However, women's involvement in decision-making, credit access, and price negotiations remains minimal. Empowerment indicators such as control over income, group membership, and exposure to training programs show better performance in Madhubani, likely due to stronger NGO presence and active Self-Help Groups (SHGs). Statistical analyses reveal significant inter-district differences in empowerment indices (p < 0.05). The study recommends institutionalizing gender-sensitive interventions through Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs), formal wage structures, and capacity-building programs. These findings have implications for inclusive rural development, gender equity, and policy design in agro-aquatic value chains.