Integrating biological and organic nutrient sources for enhanced productivity and soil sustainability in maize-wheat cropping system review

Abstract

Crop and soil conservation practices have a considerable impact on soil development, agro-ecosystem performance, and the long-term sustainability of agricultural systems. Among the main factors limiting crop production, nutrient availability is second only to water. Maintaining consistent rice yields has become increasingly challenging, especially in areas where maize-wheat productivity declines despite the use of recommended nutrient management strategies. Combining organic nutrient sources with bio-fertilizers offers a promising approach to improve and sustain rice productivity. However, chemical fertilizers remain essential, contributing roughly 50% to the increase in food grain output—an important aspect given our country’s growing population.Effective nutrient management can boost crop yields, increase farm profitability, and reduce nutrient losses. Organic fertilizers improve the soil's physical and biological qualities, but they are poor in nutrient concentration, necessitating higher volumes for successful plant development. In contrast, bio-fertilizers improve the soil's physical, chemical, and biological attributes, which are crucial for better crop yields. Inorganic fertilizers provide essential nutrients in readily available forms, leading to quick results. However, their continuous use without supplementation can cause soil degradation, increased acidity, and environmental problems.An INM approach (Integrated Nutrient Management) combining inorganic, organic, and biological sources- provides a cost-effective and more sustainable solution for preserving soil health and productivity while reducing environmental harm. Organic manure, either alone or in combination with bio-fertilizers, has been found to considerably boost nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, and sulphur absorption in rice.The greatest improvements in soil health and microbial activity were seen with organic nitrogen sources, either alone or combined with bio-fertilizers. A 50:50 ratio of organic to chemical fertilizers resulted in better nutrient availability (NPK) and higher rice yields compared to using 100% chemical fertilizers, while also lowering chemical inputs and promoting sustainability. This review highlights a comprehensive nutrient management strategy that boosts crop productivity and nutrient use efficiency sustainably.