Integrated nutrient management strategies in major field crops: A review

Abstract

Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) is a holistic approach that combines chemical fertilisers, organic manures, and biofertilizers to achieve balanced nutrient supply, sustainable crop productivity, and long-term soil health. As modern agriculture faces critical challenges such as soil degradation, declining nutrient use efficiency, and environmental pollution, INM emerges as a sustainable solution that addresses both productivity and ecological concerns. This review explores the principles, components, and crop-specific strategies of INM in major field crops, including rice, wheat, maize, pulses, oilseeds, cotton, and sugarcane. The paper highlights the agronomic, environmental, and economic benefits of INM, supported by research findings and field experiences. While INM enhances yield, improves nutrient uptake, and conserves soil organic matter, its implementation is hindered by factors such as poor input availability, lack of awareness, and policy imbalances. The role of ICT tools, decision support systems, and precision technologies in facilitating site-specific nutrient management is discussed. By aligning INM with sustainable agricultural development, it can play a key role in ensuring food security, climate resilience, and environmental sustainability in the coming decades.