Canine leptospirosis: Clinical spectrum, diagnostic challenges, and zoonotic implications

Abstract

Leptospirosis is a globally distributed zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira, affecting humans and a wide range of domestic and wild animals. Transmission occurs via direct contact with infected urine or indirectly through contaminated water or soil. The disease exhibits a broad clinical spectrum, from subclinical infections to severe multi-organ involvement, including hepatic, renal, and hemorrhagic complications. Diagnosis relies on serological assays such as the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and ELISA, molecular methods like PCR, culture, and histopathological evaluation. Effective management includes prompt antimicrobial therapy, supportive care for organ dysfunction, and monitoring for complications. Preventive strategies emphasize vaccination, environmental sanitation, rodent control, and public health education. This review consolidates current understanding of leptospirosis, addressing epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic approaches, treatment modalities, prevention, and future research directions, providing a comprehensive resource for veterinarians, clinicians, and public health professionals.