Challenges and strategic measures to enhance the international trade of selected agricultural commodities

Abstract

This study examines changes in the tariff and bound duty structures of major agricultural commodities in India from 2007 to 2021. The analysis highlights significant shifts in customs duty rates, reflecting evolving government priorities in domestic protection, revenue generation, and trade liberalization. Commodities such as cereals, pulses, plantation crops, horticultural products, and edible oils exhibited notable changes in Basic Customs Duty (BCD) and bound duty rates. Despite tariff adjustments, agricultural exports continue to face challenges related to quality, productivity, infrastructure, and market intelligence. High duties protected domestic producers, while reduced rates facilitated imports to meet domestic demand. The findings indicate that non-tariff barriers remain the major impediments to export competitiveness. A balanced approach that integrates tariff policy with structural reforms is essential to enhance trade performance. Key measures suggested include strengthening infrastructure, adopting modern production technologies, and improving market intelligence systems. Overall, the study underscores that tariff policies alone are insufficient without addressing underlying structural and operational constraints.