Effect of onset and withdrawal of monsoon on production of major kharif crops in Chhattisgarh state

Abstract

The agricultural landscape of Chhattisgarh is intrinsically linked to the monsoon, with the majority of Kharif crops dependent on timely and well- distributed rainfall. This research investigates the influence of southwest monsoon onset and withdrawal timings on rainfall distribution and Kharif crop production on Chhattisgarh Plain zone. The study spans the years 2000 to 2022 and evaluates the effects of early, normal, and late monsoon events on the area cultivated under major crops such as rice, maize, and pigeon pea. The data analysis reveals that both the timing and distribution of rainfall, as well as the frequency of rainy days, significantly influence cropping patterns. Normal monsoon onset and withdrawal consistently led to the most favourable outcomes. particularly for rice this is due to optimal sowing periods and moisture availability. Conversely, late onset shortened the growing window and reduced crop areas, while early or delayed withdrawal often disrupted harvest schedules and exposed crops to water stress or disease. Zone-wise observation highlighted varied responses to monsoon behaviour. In the Chhattisgarh Plain, rice benefited most from normal monsoon patterns.