Starting from physiology to pathology: A complete review of the menstrual cycle and its management

Abstract

The menstrual cycle is a fundamental biological process that reflects the dynamic interplay of hormonal, physiological, and structural changes within the female reproductive system. Understanding its phases, menstrual, follicular, ovulatory, and luteal, provides essential insights into reproductive health and overall well-being. Recent advances have introduced a variety of devices, ranging from menstrual tracking applications to wearable biosensors that assist in monitoring cycle patterns, fertility windows, and related health parameters. Alongside physiological changes, several menstrual cycle-related disorders, including dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), and amenorrhea, significantly impact women’s quality of life. This review highlights the physiological basis of the menstrual cycle, explores the role of emerging devices in monitoring and management, and discusses the spectrum of menstrual-related disorders. By integrating biological understanding with technological innovations, the review underscores the importance of early detection, effective intervention, and holistic management strategies to promote women’s reproductive health.