A review of the evolution of sugar beet cultivation in the United States: From historical foundations to modern production in the red river valley

Abstract

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is a cornerstone of the U.S. sugar industry, supplying over half of the nation’s sugar and contributing substantially to global sucrose production. The Red River Valley is the major production area, with millions of tons harvested annually, reflecting both its economic and agricultural importance. Since its introduction to the United States in the late 19th century, sugar beet cultivation has advanced through innovations in breeding, crop management, and processing. Notable developments include the establishment of grower-owned cooperatives and the adoption of herbicide-tolerant cultivars, which have significantly improved productivity and efficiency. Despite these gains, the crop continues to face persistent challenges from diseases, pests, weeds, and abiotic stresses. Emerging issues such as fungicide resistance underscore the need for adaptive strategies to safeguard production and maintain profitability. This review traces the historical development of sugar beet cultivation in the United States, examines current production systems with a particular focus on the Red River Valley.