Exploring the nexus between climate variability, domestic water resources, and household livelihoods in Kisii and Nyamira Counties, Kenya

Abstract

Climate variability has emerged as a critical driver of water insecurity and livelihood vulnerability across Sub-Saharan Africa. While much research has focused on arid and semi-arid lands, high rainfall regions such as Kisii and Nyamira Counties in Kenya continue to experience significant climate-induced water stress, with profound implications for household welfare. This study examined the nexus between climate variability, domestic water resources, and household livelihoods in Kisii and Nyamira Counties. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining household surveys, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, correlation analyses, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to derive composite indices of climate and water stress. Regression models were applied to assess the influence of climate variability on the combined livelihood index, while qualitative data provided contextual insights.The findings reveal that households face recurring water-related challenges associated with erratic rainfall, droughts, floods, and seasonal variability. Domestic water access was found to be unreliable, with households reporting increased distances to water sources, reduced reliability of springs and streams, and higher costs of accessing safe water. These disruptions had a significant impact on livelihoods, particularly affecting agricultural productivity, household health, and income-generating activities. Regression analysis confirmed strong associations between climate-induced water stress indices and livelihood outcomes, underscoring water’s pivotal role in shaping household resilience.The study concludes that despite relatively high rainfall, Kisii and Nyamira households remain highly vulnerable to climate-induced water stress. It recommends strengthening localized water governance, investing in climate-resilient water infrastructure, and integrating indigenous adaptation practices into policy frameworks to enhance household livelihood security.