Quantitative analysis of energy requirements and efficiency in rice production systems of Yadadri Buvanagiri District, Telangana

Abstract

This study investigated the energy input-output relationship in rice production systems in Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district, Telangana, with the aim of identifying strategies to enhance production efficiency and sustainability. Data were collected from sixty rice-producing farms using a simple random sampling method. The total energy input was calculated at 18,841.37 MJ/ha, with nitrogen fertilizer contributing the largest share (37.72%), followed by diesel fuel (23.61%) and machinery use (11.09%). Farmyard manure, pesticides, and other inputs accounted for smaller proportions. The average rice grain yield was 6,916 kg/ha, corresponding to an output energy of 13,140.40 MJ/ha. Key performance indicators revealed an energy use efficiency of 0.70, specific energy of 2.72 MJ/kg, energy productivity of 0.37 kg/MJ, and a net energy balance of -5,700.97 MJ/ha, indicating an energy deficit. The findings suggested that excessive reliance on non-renewable energy sources, particularly synthetic nitrogen fertilizer and fossil fuels, was a major factor reducing system efficiency. Improving integrated nutrient management, optimizing machinery use, adopting renewable energy technologies, and implementing energy-conscious farming practices could have raised energy efficiency above 1.0 and improved both productivity and profitability. Transitioning to sustainable practices would not only have lowered production costs but also reduced environmental impacts such as greenhouse gas emissions and nutrient runoff. This research provided a framework for policymakers, researchers, and farmers to develop targeted interventions aimed at building resilient and energy-efficient rice production systems in the region.