Strengthening surveillance and vector control for a malaria‑free India: A comprehensive review

Abstract

Malaria remains a major public health challenge worldwide, with India accounting for a significant proportion of cases in the WHO South East Asia Region. Despite this burden, India has achieved remarkable progress, with an 85% reduction in cases and a 78% reduction in deaths between 2015 and 2022. Guided by the National Framework for Malaria Elimination (NFME, 2016) and the National Strategic Plan (NSP) 2023–2027, India aims to interrupt local transmission and achieve zero indigenous cases by 2027, moving toward elimination by 2030. The NSP emphasizes transforming surveillance through real time, case based systems; ensuring universal access to diagnosis and treatment; optimizing vector control; strengthening program management and multisectoral coordination; and fostering research and innovation. However, challenges persist, including data discrepancies, fragmented surveillance, limited entomological capacity, and the need for tailored interventions for high risk populations such as migrants, urban communities, forest dwellers, and tribal districts. Addressing these gaps through integrated strategies, community engagement, and robust supply chain and human resource management is essential. By leveraging lessons from recent public health responses and sustaining political and technical commitment, India is poised to advance toward a malaria free future.