Thyroid hormones and female health: A comprehensive review of endocrine and reproductive implications

Abstract

Thyroid hormones are essential for controlling growth, metabolism, and reproduction. From puberty to menopause, the complex relationship between thyroid function and reproductive health in women is visible at every stage of life. Menstrual abnormalities, infertility, pregnancy problems, and postpartum disruptions can all be caused by thyroid disorders, especially autoimmune thyroid illnesses, which disproportionately impact women. While hyperthyroidism can result in amenorrhea or oligo menorrhea, hypothyroidism is often linked to anovulation and menstrual disorders. Thyroid autoimmunity and subclinical thyroid disorders have been associated with infertility and poor reproductive outcomes, even in euthyroid people. Pregnancy causes physiological changes that influence the dynamics of thyroid hormones, making close observation more important to avoid problems for both the mother and the foetus. Transient or permanent thyroid dysfunction can be a symptom of postpartum thyroiditis, which is frequently seen after childbirth. When climacteric alterations and thyroid symptoms coexist in menopausal women, a high level of clinical suspicion is required. This review covers the aetiology of thyroid problems, their effects on reproductive health, and a thorough summary of the physiological functions of thyroid hormones in women. Thyroid disorder must be detected early and treated appropriately to maximize a woman's endocrine and reproductive outcomes.