Demographic insights and livelihood dynamics among Tribals in Chamoli District: A micro perspective on mushroom cultivation under the TSP initiative, ICAR, Uttarakhand

Abstract

This study examines the socio-demographic characteristics and livelihood patterns of two villages—Birhi and Parsari—in Chamoli district, Uttarakhand. Data sourced from the 2011 Census and a primary survey of 60 women respondents (30 from each village) reveal notable differences in population composition, literacy rates, sex ratios, and occupational engagement. The findings highlight how geographical isolation, social composition, and cultural practices influence rural livelihoods in the Himalayas. Special emphasis is placed on understanding the role of women in sustaining household economies and their awareness of livelihood diversification opportunities such as mushroom cultivation. The paper also identifies key challenges and opportunities for sustainable development interventions in these ecologically fragile mountain communities.