Prevalence of lice and flea infestations in ruminants of central Kashmir

Abstract

A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence and intensity of lice and flea infestations in ruminants of central Kashmir, including 800 cattle and 800 sheep examined across three districts (Budgam, Ganderbal and Srinagar). In cattle, only Linognathus lice were identified, with an overall prevalence of 1.37%. Infestation was significantly higher in young animals (<1 year), males, and the Holstein Friesian breed, particularly during winter and in Budgam and Ganderbal districts (p?0.05). The median intensity of infestation was 3.0 lice per affected animal, with significant differences observed across sex and districts. In sheep, only Ctenocephalides canis fleas were detected, with an overall prevalence of 1.5%. Infestation was localized exclusively to the Srinagar district (3.31%) and was highest during summer. Adult and female sheep, particularly of the Bakarwali breed, showed higher infestation rates, although most demographic differences were statistically non-significant. The median intensity of flea infestation remained low (1.0-1.5), with no significant variation across age, sex, or breed. The findings indicate a generally low ectoparasite burden in ruminants of central Kashmir but highlight significant geographic, seasonal, and host-specific variations. Targeted surveillance and ectoparasite control, especially in high-risk groups and seasons, are recommended to prevent potential outbreaks and associated economic impacts.