Robotic rehabilitation: A comprehensive review of technologies, applications, and clinical impact

Abstract

Robotic rehabilitation has emerged as a transformative approach in physical medicine, enabling precise, repeatable, and intensive therapy for individuals with motor impairments. This article explains the beginning of the rehabilitation treatment due to physical deficiencies caused by trauma, stroke, or other diseases. Moreover, this review analyzes the recent advances in rehabilitation such as the robotic rehabilitation, covering upper and lower limb systems, the exoskeleton systems, the end-effector devices, and the integration of artificial intelligence and virtual reality technology including lokomat and mirroring. The clinical effectiveness, design challenges, and future trends are also discussed revealing and suggesting new approaches and future directions and insights in easier, faster, and less exhausting for the patient and also more beneficial ways of rehabilitation.