The impact of nanoparticle accumulation on plant growth and soil: A review

Abstract

This period has benefited greatly from nanotechnology, which is now widely used in many branches of science and technology. Since agriculture provides the majority of the raw materials used in industry, it is critical to have technology that promotes high yield, improved crop production, and sustainable, affordable crop protection. A great deal of study is being done worldwide in the area of using nanoparticles in agriculture. Recently, the market has been filled with nano-based materials such as nanoparticles and nanoformulations, nano-based fertilizers, nano-pesticides and insecticides, nanofungicides, and other formulations for the management of plant diseases. Although there are numerous benefits to this technology, several vices are raising concerns among researchers and practitioners. It is anticipated that uncontrolled nanoparticle exposure to soil will have a deleterious effect on the soil microbiota and, in certain situations, adversely affect key adaphic parameters such soil toxicity and infertility. Numerous responses of soil fungi and soil bacteria to nanoparticles have been seen in the investigations carried out thus far. It has been documented that stress caused by various means affects the enzymatic activity of the microorganisms. Silver nanoparticles have been shown in several investigations to reduce soil FA-hydrolysis. Further investigation is required to tackle the metal-stress caused by nanoparticles in various microorganisms. This review covers the entire spectrum of the negative effects of nanoparticles on soil fertility, as well as how they affect various soil properties and plant growth. It also identifies research gaps related to the use of nanoparticles in soil and offers recommendations for future research to develop environmentally friendly nanoparticle applications.