India’s public policy landscape: Issues of governance, equity, and effectiveness

Abstract

India’s journey of nation-building and economic transformation has been deeply shaped by its public policy frameworks. As the country navigates the demands of a diverse population, historical legacies, and global pressures, public policy in India faces acute challenges of governance, equity, and effectiveness. This paper provides a comprehensive and critical analysis of India’s public policy architecture by weaving together institutional analysis, socio-political critique, and empirical illustrations. It assesses key sectoral policies, highlights systemic and structural challenges, and explores the interrelationship between political economy, administrative performance, and social equity. Drawing upon both historical insights and contemporary trends, the paper argues for a more inclusive, transparent, and accountable policy process capable of responding to the aspirations of a complex democracy.