Advances in micropropagation of Cordyline terminalis: A critical review of In vitro techniques and optimization strategies

Abstract

Cordyline terminalis L., a prominent ornamental foliage plant of the family Agavaceae, has gained considerable attention for commercial clonal propagation through In vitro techniques. This review synthesizes and critically evaluates the advancements in micropropagation protocols of C. terminalis, encompassing explant selection, surface sterilization methods, media optimization, growth regulator regimes, and environmental conditions influencing regeneration. Three major regeneration pathways-axillary bud proliferation, organogenesis, and somatic embryogenesis-are analyzed with emphasis on efficiency, responsiveness, and genotype dependency. The review also compiles comparative insights from related taxa such as Dracaena and Agave to fill knowledge gaps and suggest optimized strategies for culture establishment and multiplication. Furthermore, factors affecting root induction, acclimatization, and the potential role of bioenzymes and complex organic supplements are discussed. Despite substantial progress, challenges remain in protocol standardization, contamination control, and large-scale propagation. This review aims to serve as a reference framework for researchers and commercial growers aiming to enhance micropropagation efficiency in Cordyline terminalis and related ornamental taxa.