From avoidance to cooperation: A structured protocol for voluntary participation in clinical and husbandry practices of captive Sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) management

Abstract

Captive management of Sloth Bears (Melursus ursinus) poses unique challenges due to their strength, behavioral traits, and the species' tendency to mask clinical symptoms. This study presents a structured operant conditioning protocol designed to promote voluntary participation in veterinary procedures, minimizing the need for physical or chemical restraint and thereby improving both animal welfare and staff safety. At the Agra Bear Rescue Facility, 83 of 88 sloth bears (94.3%) were enrolled in a positive reinforcement-based training program incorporating clicker training and individualized behavioral shaping. Foundational behaviors were gradually built into complex clinical procedures. Results showed full compliance for phlebotomy and body weight measurement (100%), followed by high compliance for intramuscular injection (92.8%), blood pressure monitoring (90.4%), ultrasonography (75.9%), and oral examination (71.1%). Lower compliance was noted for electrocardiography (20.5%) and rectal thermometry (43.4%). The findings demonstrate the feasibility and efficacy of operant conditioning in enhancing clinical management and welfare of sloth bears in captivity. The protocol may serve as a model for other species in similar settings.