Characteristics and risk factors of dengue outbreaks in the tropical regions: A scoping review

Abstract

Dengue outbreaks remain a major health issue in tropical regions. This review summarized epidemiology, serotype variants, risk factors, and response strategies for dengue outbreaks in tropical regions. A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Garuda (2016-2025) identified 22 relevant studies. Dengue outbreaks mostly occurred in urban and endemic areas, with peak incidence in the middle of the year. Cases were more prevalent in the age group above 15 years and in males. Serotype analysis revealed DENV-2 dominance, followed by DENV-1 and DENV-3, with shifting patterns. Environmental risks like poor sanitation, standing water, and rainy seasons, along with high mobility and low dengue awareness, contributed to outbreaks. Common responses included surveillance, vector control, education, and case management. The review noted limited understanding of risk factors and control strategies due to a lack of quantitative data. Analytical studies are needed to strengthen evidence and guide targeted dengue control in tropical regions.