Etiopathogenesis of temporomandibular joint disorders: A literature review

Abstract

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) represent a group of musculoskeletal and neuromuscular conditions that affect the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), masticatory muscles, and associated structures. The etiology is multifactorial, involving mechanical, physiological, genetic, and psychosocial contributors. This review explores the etiopathogenesis of TMD through analysis of current literature, emphasizing risk factors, pathophysiological mechanisms, hormonal influences, systemic associations, and diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Understanding the interplay between these factors is essential for accurate diagnosis, targeted treatment, and improved clinical outcomes.