Psoriasis: A comprehensive review on pathophysiology and treatment

Abstract

Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory skin disorder characterized by erythematous, scaly plaques and a significant impact on patients' quality of life. Affecting approximately 2-3% of the global population, psoriasis is associated with systemic comorbidities, including psoriatic arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, and mental health disorders. Advances in therapeutic strategies, including the development of biologic agents targeting specific immune pathways, have transformed disease management and outcomes. Additionally, emerging research highlights the role of the gut-skin axis, microbiome dysbiosis, and epigenetic mechanisms in psoriasis pathogenesis. The etiology, triggering variables, and clinical classification were covered in this review. All of the treatments, including topical, oral, biological, parenteral, phototherapy, and phytopharmaceuticals, were reviewed.