Future farming in water: A comprehensive review on hydroponics

Abstract

Hydroponics, the science of cultivating plants without soil, is becoming increasingly relevant as urban areas face rapid population growth, limited arable land and water scarcity. This review article explores hydroponics as a promising alternative for sustainable urban farming. Beginning with the historical evolution of hydroponics, from early experiments to contemporary vertical farming methods, the paper systematically examines the various hydroponic systems and materials, including Nutrient Film Technique (NFT), Deep Water Culture (DWC), Aeroponics and other key methodologies. The review highlights distinct advantages of hydroponics such as higher crop yields, significant water savings, reduced pesticide use and efficient use of urban space. Challenges, including initial investment costs, technical complexities and energy consumption, are also discussed to provide a balanced perspective. Case studies from global pioneers such as Gotham Greens (USA), Sky Greens (Singapore) and Letcetra Agritech (India) underscore the practical success and scalability of urban hydroponics. By integrating recent FAO and UN data, this article positions hydroponics within a global context of increasing food demand, diminishing freshwater resources and shrinking arable land. The findings underscore hydroponics as a critical component in sustainable agriculture strategies, capable of substantially mitigating environmental impacts and enhancing urban food security.