Fluoride exposure affects local communities' health in Bhiwani district groundwater

Abstract

Fluoride levels in groundwater samples taken from hand pumps (direct consumption) or borewells (part of the municipal water supply) in Bhiwani District (India) were measured. According to the data, there were significant differences across the groundwater samples that were examined, and the fluoride concentrations varied between 1.1 and 2.1 mg/l. When compared to the WHO drinking water standard, the fluoride concentration in the majority of the groundwater samples was found to be somewhat higher. If the groundwater is utilized without adequate treatment, this could result in health problems for the urban population. Additionally, it is recommended that municipal water supply sources be located in areas with sufficient fluoride levels. Fluoride contamination is a major and pervasive issue in many regions of the world.