Studies on management of spot blotch [Bipolaris sorokiniana (SACC) SHOEM.] disease of wheat: A review

Abstract

Wheat, a vital monocot food crop, is highly nutritious but vulnerable to various biotic stresses, with spot blotch being one of the most significant. Caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana (teleomorph Cochliobolus sativus), spot blotch is prevalent in warm, humid wheat-growing regions, particularly the Eastern Gangetic Plains (EGP) of South Asia. It poses a major threat in the North Eastern Plains Zone (NEPZ) of India and neighboring countries like Nepal and Bangladesh. Climate change has intensified the spread of this disease, even in previously less-affected zones like the North Western Plains Zone (NWPZ). The pathogen affects wheat, barley, and other small grains, causing various symptoms such as leaf spots, seedling blight, and root rot, leading to significant yield losses—ranging from 15.5% to nearly 100% under severe conditions. Ideal disease conditions include high humidity and warm temperatures. Integrated disease management combining resistant varieties, agronomic practices, and need-based fungicide application is the most effective control strategy.