Municipal solid waste incineration ash in concrete: A comprehensive review of material behavior, treatment methods, and sustainable construction potential

Abstract

This comprehensive review explores the potential of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) ash as a sustainable alternative material in concrete production. With rising environmental concerns and the global need to reduce landfill dependence, MSWI bottom ash (BA) and fly ash (FA) offer both ecological and economic advantages when treated properly. The study analyzes the physical and chemical characteristics of ash, its influence on concrete's mechanical and durability properties, and the necessary pre-treatment methods to mitigate hazardous leaching. Findings reveal that up to 30% substitution of aggregates or cement with treated MSWI ash can maintain or enhance concrete performance, provided issues like heavy metal content, chloride leaching, and aluminum reactivity are addressed through chemical or thermal stabilization. Case studies from countries like Japan, Belgium, and China demonstrate successful applications, yet challenges like ash variability, regulatory restrictions, and market acceptance remain.