Comparative effects of complex and closed kinetic chain training on young adults and athletes a literature review

Abstract

This literature review explores the comparative effects of complex training and closed kinetic chain (CKC) exercises on the physical, physiological, and biochemical variables of young adults and athletes. Complex training, which integrates resistance and plyometric exercises to leverage post-activation potentiation (PAP), has been shown to enhance muscular strength, explosive power, and agility. In contrast, CKC exercises, characterized by multi-joint movements with fixed distal segments, have proven effective in improving balance, joint stability, and proprioception. The review synthesizes findings from various studies, highlighting how each modality contributes to athletic performance, injury prevention, and muscle recovery. Moreover, the inclusion of biochemical markers such as creatinine, protein, and blood glucose levels provides deeper insights into the physiological adaptations elicited by each training method. While both approaches independently offer significant benefits, their combined or complementary application—especially when integrated with core stability training—may yield synergistic effects, promoting holistic athletic development. The review concludes by suggesting the need for individualized, sport-specific protocols to optimize training outcomes.