Ecological and economic aspects of hillstream fish for sustainable development: A Review

Abstract

With increasing global demand for sustainable protein sources and growing environmental concerns surrounding conventional food systems, hillstream fish have emerged as a promising yet underutilized resource. Native to the fast-flowing, oxygen-rich rivers and streams of Asia, Africa, and South America, these fish are ecologically resilient and nutritionally valuable, offering high-quality protein, essential amino acids, omega-3 fatty acids, and key micronutrients. This review explores the ecological and economic importance of hillstream fish, emphasizing their roles in nutrient cycling, ecosystem stability, and cultural heritage. Despite their significance, hillstream fish face numerous threats, including habitat degradation, pollution, and overexploitation. The article highlights their potential integration into sustainable aquaculture, rural livelihoods, and global development frameworks, particularly the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It concludes with strategic recommendations for research, conservation, and policy interventions aimed at harnessing the full potential of hillstream fish in sustainable food systems and biodiversity conservation.