Exploring the nutritional and functional potential of hillstream fish for sustainable food security and freshwater ecosystem: A review

Abstract

Hillstream fish, native to fast-flowing rivers and streams in hilly and sub-mountainous regions, are increasingly gaining attention as a sustainable and nutritious protein source. With high adaptability to specific ecological niches, these fish species offer not only rich protein content but also essential micronutrients, fatty acids, and bioactive compounds. Despite their nutritional benefits, hillstream fish remain underutilized in commercial aquaculture and food systems. This review highlights the nutritional composition, health benefits, ecological significance, and sustainable harvesting potential of hillstream fish. It also discusses challenges and opportunities for their integration into mainstream protein food sources through aquaculture innovation and conservation strategies.