Phytochemical and cytotoxic study of aqueous extracts from the leaves of Calotropis procera (apocynaceae) and Vernonia colorata (asteraceae), plants used in the treatment of skin diseases in Côte d’Ivoire

Abstract

Calotropis procera and Vernonia colorata are traditionally used in Côte d’Ivoire to treat skin disorders, valued for their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties. However, their potential skin toxicity remains underexplored. This study evaluated the phytochemical composition and cytotoxic effects of aqueous leaf extracts from these plants on HACAT cells (immortalized human keratinocytes). Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavones, coumarins, saponins, sterols, and triterpenes. Cytotoxicity was assessed using the XTT colorimetric assay, showing dose- dependent effects. The median inhibitory concentrations (IC₅₀) were 163 µg/mL for C. procera and 140 µg/mL for V. colorata, indicating low toxicity. These findings suggest that the aqueous extracts of C. procera and V. colorata are safe for use on human skin. Their demonstrated safety and phytochemical richness support their potential inclusion in conventional therapies for skin diseases.