A comprehensive review on urinary tract infections (UTIS): Etiology, treatment, and prevention

Abstract

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections, affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) and other bacterial species like Klebsiella pneumoniae and are the main culprits behind them. UTIs can cause consequences including kidney damage or sepsis and range in severity from moderate lower urinary tract infections (cystitis) to severe upper urinary tract infections (pyelonephritis). Antimicrobial resistance has arisen as a result of the extensive use of antibiotics, creating serious therapeutic difficulties. This study examines the etiology, microbiological components, and current treatment approaches, such as the use of herbal remedies and conventional antibiotics, as well as the possibility of developing a vaccine to prevent UTIs. The necessity for innovative treatment strategies is highlighted by the growing worry over biofilm formation and recurring infections. Prospects for managing UTIs in the future are bright thanks to developments in molecular biology and complementary medicines like immunotherapy and probiotics.