Review on: Epithelial ovarian cancer

Abstract

EOC mainly results from the ovarian surface epithelium, fallopian tube or peritonealcarcinoma. There are four major histological subtypes: serous, endometrioid, clear cell, and mucinous carcinoma. High-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) is the most aggressive form with high degree of recurrence. EOC is associated with genetic predisposition, particularly BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, other risk factors include age, nulliparity, hormonal factors and family history. Early-stage EOC usually requires no symptoms or comes with vague symptoms like abdominal bloating, pelvic discomfort and early satiety that makes diagnosis in late stage. The method of diagnosis consists of transvaginal ultrasound, biomarker tests (cavity-associated protein 125) and imaging techniques (CT and MRI). Histopathological examination along with molecular profiling is very important for elucidating the diagnosis. There is routine treatment with cytoreductive surgery followed by platinum-based chemotherapy (carboplatin and paclitaxel). Targeted therapies such as PARP inhibitors, anti-angiogenic agents and immunotherapy have been developed for advanced and recurrent cases. Recurrence remains one of the primary challenges with ongoing research into personalized medicine and novel therapeutics.