Performance evaluation of IoT-based smart irrigation systems: A comparative study of traditional vs. automated methods

Abstract

Water scarcity is a critical global issue, particularly affecting agriculture, which consumes approximately 70% of the world’s freshwater resources. Traditional irrigation practices such as flood and furrow methods result in excessive water loss due to evaporation, runoff, and percolation, and often fail to meet crop-specific water needs. This inefficiency leads to suboptimal yields, increased labor demands, and environmental degradation. As the global demand for food production continues to grow, there is an urgent need to transition to more sustainable and efficient irrigation systems. This paper explores the comparative effectiveness of traditional irrigation methods and Internet of Things (IoT)-based smart irrigation systems. Smart irrigation employs soil moisture sensors, weather monitors, automated valves, and cloud platforms to deliver precise amounts of water at optimal times. These systems significantly reduce water usage, enhance crop health, and lower operational costs through automation and remote monitoring. Using data analysis and case studies, the research highlights how smart irrigation not only conserves resources but also supports sustainable agricultural practices. The study provides a comprehensive evaluation of both irrigation approaches in terms of water efficiency, yield improvement, cost-effectiveness, and long-term environmental impact, thereby promoting the adoption of smart technologies in modern farming.