Cephalometric analysis in pediatric Dentistry: A scoping review

Abstract

Introduction: Pediatric dentists are constantly confronted with patients who present dental malocclusions, however the necessary information to personalize treatment is not always available. Objective: To analyze the different cephalometric analyses in pediatric dentistry such as Steiner, Ricketts, Downs, McNamara, Björk-Jarabak and Tweed. Methodology: A search strategy was carried out in PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases, using a combination of keywords including: "cephalometric Steiner”, “cephalometric Ricketts”, “cephalometric Downs”, “cephalometric McNamara”, “cephalometric Björk-Jarabak”; “cephalometric Tweed”. Results: Steiner yields measurements for the anteroposterior evaluation of the jaws, however, it is limited to the vertical evaluation. Ricketts evaluates dental relationships, skeletal, vertical dimensions and facial esthetics, however, a more complex preparation is required for its use. Downs evaluates anteroposterior relationships between the maxillae and mandible; however, it may limit the comprehensive evaluation of malocclusions. McNamara studies anteroposterior as well as vertical relationships but his study is limited to the three-dimensional. Björk-Jarabak relies on measurements in relation to the patient's facial growth pattern, but fails to take anterior angulation into account. Tweed considers facial esthetics by analyzing the relationship between the soft tissues and the position of the lips in relation to the teeth, but is limited to a two-dimensional study. Conclusions: After analyzing the literature, it was concluded that the best analysis to use is Steiner's as his measurements are more focused on detecting craniofacial and dental defects and the results are more accurate considering soft and hard tissue.