Lantana camara: A review on ecology, invasion and management strategies

Abstract

Lantana camara is an invasive perennial shrub indigenous to the subtropical and tropical regions of the Americas, with certain taxa also native to tropical Asia and Africa. This species has successfully naturalized in more than 60 nations and is regarded as one of the globe's 100 most notorious invasive weeds. The rapid propagation and adaptability of Lantana camara are ascribed to its powerful reproductive potential, efficient dispersal mechanisms and its competitive superiority over indigenous flora. The invasive nature of this weed has negatively affected the biodiversity, disturbed the ecosystem and displaced native plant species. Initially introduced either intentionally for its ornamental purpose or unintentionally through trade and agricultural practices, Lantana has flourished across a variety of habitats, particularly in regions situated between 35°N and 35°S latitude. The plant's capacity to alter ecosystems, exploit ecological niches and withstand adverse environmental conditions significantly enhances its potential for invasiveness. Furthermore, it presents challenges to agricultural practices, diminishes forage availability and modifies nutrient cycling and soil fertility. Effective management of Lantana camara necessitates a multidisciplinary strategy, encompassing preventive measures, mechanical eradication, chemical management and biological interventions. A comprehensive understanding of its invasion history, biological traits and dispersal mechanisms is imperative for the formulation of targeted strategies aimed at mitigating its spread. Insights into its introduction and population origins can assist in identifying vulnerable phases and enhancing the effectiveness of biological control agents. Thorough research and coordinated management initiatives are vital to alleviating the ecological and economic consequences associated with this invasive species.