Cleft lip and palate: A literature review and recent advances in management

Abstract

Cleft lip and palate are among the most common congenital anomalies affecting the face and oral cavity, resulting from the incomplete fusion of embryonic facial structures and leading to challenges in speech, hearing, dental health, nutrition, psychology, and aesthetics. The etiology is multifactorial and involves genetic and environmental factors such as maternal smoking, alcohol use, and folic acid deficiency. Treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach, including cheiloplasty, palatoplasty, alveolar bone grafting, and orthognathic surgery. This article presents an in-depth review and discusses the latest advancements, such as nasoalveolar molding 3D printing, botulinum toxin, and robotic-assisted cleft surgery. The proper timing of interventions optimizes facial growth and speech. Patient-reported outcome measures like CLEFT-Q and ICHOM aid in assessing surgical success and quality of life.