Nutrient strategies for direct-seeded Rice: A review of phenological responses

Abstract

Direct-seeded rice is gaining prominence as a sustainable alternative to traditional transplanting methods due to its lower water and labour requirements. However, the phenological development of DSR is highly influenced by nutrient management practices. This review critically examines the effects of various nutrient strategies on the growth stages and overall phenology of DSR. Key nutrients, including nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, play pivotal roles in determining germination, tillering, panicle initiation, and grain-filling stages. The review highlights the importance of balanced fertilization, the timing of nutrient applications, and the integration of organic and inorganic fertilizers. Additionally, it explores the impact of micronutrients and site-specific nutrient management on crop phenology. Understanding these relationships is crucial for optimizing yield and achieving sustainable production in DSR systems. Future research directions and practical recommendations for farmers are also discussed to enhance nutrient use efficiency and phenological performance in DSR.