Exploring the effects of iron nanoparticles in aquaculture: Review

Abstract

Iron (Fe) nanoparticles have emerged as a promising supplement in aquaculture due to their enhanced bioavailability, solubility, and unique properties. Their application spans growth enhancement, immune modulation, and antioxidant benefits in aquatic species. Iron nanoparticles, particularly iron oxide forms like Fe2O3, exhibit remarkable potential in improving fish growth performance, feed efficiency, and haematological parameters. Studies reveal that nano-Fe enhances specific growth rates and nutritional uptake in species such as Labeo rohita, Clarias batrachus, and Oreochromis mossambicus, outperforming traditional iron forms. Additionally, these nanoparticles positively impact blood biochemistry and antioxidant enzyme activities, reducing oxidative stress and promoting overall health. However, excessive iron levels can be toxic, leading to oxidative damage, impaired growth, and histopathological alterations in vital tissues like the liver and kidney. Toxicity studies on various fish species, including zebrafish and rainbow trout, underscore the importance of optimizing dietary Fe nanoparticle dosages to balance growth benefits and avoid adverse effects. Further exploration into the molecular mechanisms of Fe metabolism, immune-related gene regulation, and long-term impacts is warranted. The integration of iron nanoparticles in aquaculture diets holds substantial promise for improving fish health and farm profitability, provided their application adheres to species-specific dosage guidelines to minimize toxicity risks.