Zinc nanoparticles in fisheries: A comprehensive review

Abstract

Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient vital for numerous biological processes, including growth, immunity, and metabolic regulation. Its role in aquaculture, especially in nanoparticle form, has garnered significant attention due to its enhanced bioavailability, absorption, and unique physicochemical properties. Zinc plays a role in catalyzing over 300 enzymes, regulating gene expression, and supporting immune responses. The introduction of nanotechnology in zinc supplementation has revolutionized fish nutrition by offering superior efficiency and bioactivity. This review provides an in-depth exploration of zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs) and their applications in fish nutrition and health. Key areas discussed include Zn metabolism in fish, the impact of ZnNPs on growth, haematological parameters, antioxidant responses, biochemical indices, and histopathological effects. The review highlights the potential benefits of ZnNPs, their dose-dependent effects, and toxicity concerns, presenting a holistic view of their utility and challenges. Additionally, it addresses gaps in current research and suggests future directions for sustainable aquaculture practices.