Herbicide resistance in weeds: Challenges, mechanisms, and integrated approaches: A review

Abstract

Herbicide resistance in weeds has emerged as a significant challenge to global agricultural productivity and sustainability. The widespread and repetitive use of herbicides has led to the evolution of resistant weed populations through complex mechanisms such as Target-Site Resistance (TSR) and Non-Target Site Resistance (NTSR). These resistance pathways, including genetic mutations and enhanced herbicide metabolism, allow weeds to survive herbicide applications, resulting in reduced crop yields and increased production costs. The rapid spread of resistance is further driven by gene flow, seed dispersal, and weeds' adaptive capabilities.To combat this growing issue, Integrated Weed Management (IWM) has been identified as a sustainable approach. IWM combines cultural practices, mechanical and physical methods, biological control, and chemical strategies to mitigate weed resistance. Emerging technologies, such as precision agriculture tools, artificial intelligence, and biotechnological innovations, provide promising solutions for more efficient and targeted weed control. However, effective implementation of these strategies requires the active participation of farmers, policymakers, researchers, and industry leaders. Collaborative efforts, continuous research, education, and supportive regulations are critical to developing sustainable weed management practices that ensure long-term agricultural productivity and global food security.