Genetic diversity and trait variability in maize: A study across drought and normal environmental conditions

Abstract

This study investigates the genetic diversity of 17 maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes under drought and normal conditions using cluster analysis. Tocher's method was employed to classify the genotypes, revealing nine clusters under drought conditions and five clusters under normal conditions. The findings indicate that Cluster I under drought contained the largest group, suggesting shared adaptive traits among the genotypes. Intra-cluster distance analysis revealed substantial genetic variability within certain clusters, particularly for clusters I and IV under drought and cluster V under normal conditions. Inter-cluster distances highlighted significant genetic divergence between clusters, guiding the selection of parental lines for hybridization. The analysis of cluster means demonstrated variability in traits such as days to flowering, plant height, cob length, and kernel traits, indicating potential for selection in breeding programs. Notably, protein and proline content emerged as key contributors to genetic divergence, underscoring their relevance for drought resilience. These results provide critical insights for breeders in developing improved maize varieties adapted to varying environmental conditions.