Shaded agroforestry systems: A review on enhancing coffee growth, yield and sustainability

Abstract

Coffee plants, naturally shade-loving, thrive under the canopy of taller trees, making shaded agroforestry systems essential for sustainable coffee cultivation. This review explores the multi-layered impact of shade on coffee ecology, growth, yield and quality. Shade trees provide ecological benefits, including soil fertility enhancement, erosion prevention and carbon sequestration, while mitigating climatic stress and improving soil moisture. Shaded environments foster consistent flowering and yield, minimize biennial bearing and enhance bean size and biochemical quality, leading to superior beverage attributes and higher market value. Moreover, shade moderates’ extreme temperatures, supports pest and disease management and reduces reliance on agrochemicals, ensuring environmental and economic sustainability. Despite these advantages, deforestation and climate variability challenge shaded coffee systems, highlighting the need for adaptive practices. This review highlights the role of shade management in sustaining coffee production amidst changing global climates and underscores its importance for ecological preservation, biodiversity and enhanced livelihoods in coffee-growing regions.