Different techniques for identification of thoracic epidural space

Abstract

The accurate placement of a thoracic epidural catheter is crucial in managing pain during surgery, especially for thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic procedures. Pressure waveform analysis serves as a dependable confirmatory method to complement the loss-of-resistance methodology for locating the epidural space throughout thoracic epidural anesthesia. M-mode ultrasound is utilised to ascertain the catheter's location, while Colour Doppler data indicate the saline flow inside the epidural space via the catheter. While the epidural catheter was not clearly visible in the ultrasonographic picture, the flow of administered saline via it was visible.