Physio-biochemical analysis of young and mature leaves of Suaeda maritima L. from different salt marsh regions

Abstract

Salinity is a critical abiotic stressor affecting agricultural productivity worldwide, particularly in regions with saline soils and water resources. Suaeda maritima, a halophytic species native to coastal Gujarat, India, is recognized for its ability to thrive in saline environments. This study investigates the biochemical adaptations of young and mature leaves of S. maritima from freshwater and saltwater habitats. Key parameters such as electrolytic leakage, Membrane Stability Index (MSI), Relative Water Content (RWC), photosynthetic pigments, osmolyte concentrations (soluble sugars, reducing sugars, starch, glycine betaine, and proline), and antioxidant markers (H2O2, O2•−, lipid peroxidation, and polyphenol content) were analysed. Young leaves exhibited higher concentrations of primary and secondary metabolites, while mature leaves showed greater enzymatic activity. Significant habitat-based differences were observed, with salt marsh samples displaying higher glycine betaine and oxidative stress markers. Freshwater habitats demonstrated improved membrane stability and reduced electrolytic leakage. These findings highlight S. maritima's biochemical versatility in adapting to salinity stress, providing insights into its potential applications in developing salt-tolerant crops and nutraceuticals.