Baghnakh (Martynia annua): Prehistory to contemporary medicinal value

Abstract

India, a developing country, sees around 80% of its population relying on traditional medicine for primary healthcare, as noted by the World Health Organization. Martynia annua has a rich history in traditional Indian medicine for treating conditions such as inflammation, epilepsy, and snake bites. The Santal tribal community uses this plant for hair loss, and further research highlights its effectiveness against dysentery, cardiac issues, worm infestations, constipation, hemorrhages, bacterial infections, and ulcers. Its leaves serve as an antiseptic, while the juice is utilized as a gargle for sore throats, and the fruit mixed with coconut oil is applied topically for burns. Various secondary metabolites isolated from Martynia annua have contributed to its diverse pharmacological properties, including anthelmintic, analgesic, antipyretic, antibacterial, anticonvulsant, antifertility, antioxidant, CNS depressant, and wound-healing activities. Continued clinical and pharmacological research is essential to fully explore its potential therapeutic benefits.