Energy-efficient sensor array deployment in iot smart networking with raspberry pi 4 and zigbee technology

Abstract

The rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized smart networking systems, enabling efficient communication among devices for diverse applications such as smart cities, healthcare, and agriculture. However, energy efficiency, latency, packet loss, and scalability remain significant challenges in IoT sensor array deployments. This study aimed to develop and evaluate an energy-efficient sensor array deployment framework integrating Raspberry Pi 4 and Zigbee technology to optimize energy consumption, latency, and data throughput in IoT smart networks. The hardware setup included Raspberry Pi 4 as the central gateway, Zigbee modules for wireless communication, and various environmental sensors. The deployment followed a grid-based model to ensure maximum coverage with minimal energy consumption. Data were collected on key performance metrics, including energy consumption, latency, packet loss, data throughput, and coverage area, and analyzed using statistical tools such as ANOVA and correlation analysis. The results revealed an average energy consumption of 117.43 mAh, average latency of 186.7 ms, and packet loss of 1.98%, demonstrating the efficiency of the proposed deployment strategy. Significant differences (p < 0.001) were observed across performance metrics, highlighting their interdependence. Correlation analysis indicated a negative relationship between sensor density and energy consumption (r = -0.613) and a weak positive correlation between energy consumption and coverage area (r = 0.319). These findings suggest that optimized grid-based deployment strategies, energy-aware routing protocols, and dynamic adjustments are essential for enhancing IoT network performance. Future research should focus on integrating machine learning algorithms, hybrid communication protocols, and blockchain technologies to further improve scalability, energy efficiency, and cybersecurity. This study provides a robust foundation for designing sustainable and scalable IoT smart networking systems across diverse applications.